What is C++ language ?

C++ is a powerful, general-purpose programming language that is an extension of the C programming language. It was developed in the 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup and has since become widely used for a variety of applications, including systems programming, game development, high-performance computing, and more. C++ combines the features of both procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.

Here are some key features and concepts of the C++ language:

1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): C++ supports the principles of OOP, including encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It allows you to create classes and objects, define member variables and functions, and utilize concepts like inheritance and polymorphism to create modular and reusable code.




2. Standard Template Library (STL): The STL is a collection of template classes and functions that provide common data structures (such as arrays, vectors, lists, queues, stacks) and algorithms (such as sorting, searching, and manipulating collections). It simplifies and accelerates development by providing ready-to-use components.




3. Templates: C++ supports generic programming through templates. Templates allow you to write code that can be parameterized with different data types, enabling the creation of generic algorithms and data structures.




4. Exception Handling: C++ provides mechanisms for handling and propagating exceptions. This allows for the graceful handling of runtime errors and the ability to recover from exceptional conditions.




5. Memory Management: C++ provides manual memory management through the use of pointers and the "new" and "delete" operators. It allows precise control over memory allocation and deallocation, but it also requires careful management to avoid memory leaks and other issues.




6. Overloading and Operator Overloading: C++ allows you to define multiple functions with the same name but different parameter lists, enabling function overloading. It also supports operator overloading, allowing you to redefine operators such as "+", "-", "*", and "/" for your custom types.

7. Standard Library: C++ comes with a rich standard library that provides various utilities and functionalities, including input/output operations, string manipulation, mathematical operations, file handling, and more.




8. Multi-paradigm Language: C++ supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural programming, object-oriented programming, generic programming, and functional programming (to some extent). It provides flexibility in choosing the programming style that best suits the problem at hand.

Syllabus

1. Introduction to C++:

   • Overview of C++ language and its features
   • Setting up the development environment (compiler, IDE, etc.)
   • Writing and compiling a basic C++ program



2. C++ Basics:

   • Data types in C++ (fundamental and derived types)
   • Variables, constants, and identifiers
   • Input/output operations using streams (cin and cout)
   • Control flow statements (if-else, switch-case, loops)



3. Functions and Scope:

   • Function declaration and definition
   • Function parameters and return values
   • Function overloading
   • Function templates



4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

   • Introduction to OOP concepts (classes and objects)
   • Class members (attributes and methods)
   • Constructors and destructors
   • Inheritance and polymorphism
   • Access specifiers (public, private, protected)



5. Pointers and References:

   • Pointers and pointer arithmetic
   • Dynamic memory allocation (new and delete)
   • References and reference variables
   • Pointers to functions and function pointers



6. Standard Template Library (STL):

   • Containers (vector, list, stack, queue, etc.)
   • Algorithms (sorting, searching, etc.)
   • Iterators and generic algorithms
   • Introduction to templates



7. Exception Handling:

   • Understanding exceptions and exception handling
   • Try-catch blocks and exception specifications
   • Throwing and catching exceptions
   • Exception safety and best practices



8. File Handling:

   • Reading from and writing to files
   • Sequential and random access file handling
   • File input/output operations using streams



9. Advanced Concepts (optional):

   • Namespaces and using directives
   • Operator overloading
   • Type casting
   • Template specialization
   • Smart pointers